A steam engine would not work if there was a constant pressure of steam on the piston. Because the flow of steam is periodically interrupted by the valve the piston is able to move backwards and forwards and so generate motion and useful power. The power of a permanent magnet cannot be turned into a useful engine because there is no way of switching it on or off, so once the pull has been exerted the attracted metal remains stuck to the magnet. If we could switch this magnetic attraction on and off in a cycle then we should have a useful engine. This is what is done in the electric motor.
On/off cycles seem to be a characteristic 1..... nature because they provide the simplest form 2. .... a dynamic system. The electromagnetic waves that 3.... the basis of radio, light or X-rays 4. ... all be described in terms of cycles 5..... energy or a wave motion. The ordinary 6. ... in the sea transmit energy over long 7. .... although we have not yet succeeded in 8. .... this. A cork or buoy floating in 9. .... harbour goes up and down as each 10. ... passes. There is a cycle of movement: 11. ... to a peak height then down to 12. ... trough. The leg that turns the pedal 13. ... a bicycle goes through the same sort 14. ... up and down cyclical motion. The rotation 15. .... a wheel is also a cycle insofar 16. ... a point on the rim moves to 17. .... point as far distant as possible on 18. ..... other side of the wheel and then 19. .... back to the original point.
There are 20. .... in fashion: skirts get longer and then 21. .... and then longer again. There are cycles 22. ... morals from Victorian to permissive and then 23. ... again. In any system where there is 24. ... and yet the direction of change is 25. .... limited there is likely to be a 26. ...... This follows because people are bored with 27. .... exists or react against it. People who 28. .... bored with short skirts can only make 29. .... longer and when they have reached the ground 30. .... can only be made shorter again.
Business 31. .... economic cycles arise for two reasons. The 32. .... is the operation of greed and confidence. 33. ... buy property because it is doing well 34. ..... it does better and better until a 35. .... is reached when the increase in price 36. .... down and the second part of the 37. ..... (decline) takes over. The second reason is 38. ..... mismatch between supply and need. Whenever things 39. .... out of phase a cycle results: investment followed 40. .... overcapacity, followed by a fall in investment and eventual undercapacity and so on.
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